Frequently Asked Questions

Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Requires daily insulin therapy.

Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough. Can often be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.

Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Usually resolves after delivery but increases future diabetes risk.

Proper diagnosis through blood tests (FPG, HbA1c) helps determine your specific type and appropriate treatment plan.

Type 1 Diabetes: At least 4-6 times daily (before meals, before bed, and occasionally at 2-3 AM).

Type 2 Diabetes (on insulin): Multiple times per day as recommended by your doctor.

Type 2 Diabetes (on oral medications): At least once daily, or as directed.

Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs): Provide real-time readings throughout the day and can significantly improve diabetes management.

High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia - above 180 mg/dL):

• Check for ketones if above 240 mg/dL
• Drink plenty of water
• Take corrective insulin if prescribed
• Contact your doctor if it persists

Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia - below 70 mg/dL):

• Follow the "15-15 rule": Consume 15g of fast-acting carbs, wait 15 minutes, and recheck
• Good options: glucose tablets, fruit juice, regular soda, honey
• Once normalized, eat a snack with protein
• Seek emergency help if unconscious or unable to swallow

Recommended Foods:

• Vegetables: Leafy greens, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes (non-starchy vegetables)
• Whole Grains: Brown rice, quinoa, oats, whole wheat
• Proteins: Lean meats, fish, eggs, legumes, tofu
• Healthy Fats: Nuts, seeds, avocado, olive oil
• Low-fat Dairy: Milk, yogurt, cheese in moderation

Portion Control: Use the plate method - half vegetables, quarter protein, quarter carbs.

Meal Timing: Eat at regular intervals to maintain stable blood sugar levels.

Yes, but in moderation and with careful monitoring:

Mangoes: High in natural sugars. Stick to small portions (½ cup or 80g). Pair with protein or fiber to slow sugar absorption.

Bananas: Medium-sized banana has about 27g carbs. Choose slightly green (less ripe) bananas for lower glycemic index.

General Tips:

• Choose fresh fruits over juices
• Pair fruits with nuts or yogurt
• Monitor blood sugar response
• Count fruits as part of your carb allowance

Recommended Exercise:

• At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week (30 minutes, 5 days/week)
• Strength training 2-3 times per week
• Reduce sedentary time - stand and move every 30 minutes

Precautions:

• Check blood sugar before, during (if long session), and after exercise
• Carry fast-acting carbs in case of hypoglycemia
• Stay hydrated
• Wear proper footwear to prevent injuries
• Start slowly if you're new to exercise
• Consult your doctor before starting intense exercise programs

It depends on your type of diabetes and how well you manage it:

Type 1 Diabetes: Yes, insulin therapy is required for life as your body cannot produce insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes: Many people can reduce or eliminate medications through sustained lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss). However, some may need long-term medication. Regular monitoring helps determine if dosage adjustments are needed.

Prediabetes: Can often be reversed completely with lifestyle changes, avoiding the need for medication.

Never stop or change medication without consulting your doctor.

Yes! With proper planning and management:

• Preconception Planning: Achieve good blood sugar control (HbA1c <7%) before conception
• Regular Monitoring: More frequent blood sugar checks and doctor visits
• Medication Adjustment: Some diabetes medications aren't safe during pregnancy - switch to insulin if needed
• Nutrition: Work with a dietitian for pregnancy-specific meal planning
• Fetal Monitoring: Regular ultrasounds to monitor baby's growth

Gestational diabetes typically resolves after delivery, but requires monitoring for future Type 2 diabetes risk.

Diabetes can cause nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation, making feet vulnerable to injuries and infections. Daily Foot Care Routine:

• Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling
• Wash feet daily with lukewarm water and mild soap
• Dry thoroughly, especially between toes
• Moisturize but not between toes
• Trim toenails straight across
• Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes and clean socks
• Never go barefoot, even indoors

See a doctor immediately if you notice: Cuts that won't heal, unusual swelling, color changes, pain, or numbness.

Yes, stress significantly impacts blood sugar through hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which trigger glucose release.

Managing Stress:

• Practice relaxation techniques (meditation, deep breathing, yoga)
• Regular physical activity
• Adequate sleep (7-9 hours)
• Social support and counseling if needed
• Time management and setting realistic goals
• Monitor blood sugar during stressful periods

Mental health is crucial for diabetes management - don't hesitate to seek professional support.

Moderate alcohol consumption may be acceptable with precautions:

Guidelines:

• Women: Up to 1 drink/day; Men: Up to 2 drinks/day
• Never drink on an empty stomach
• Avoid sugary mixers and sweet wines
• Monitor blood sugar before, during, and after drinking
• Carry ID stating you have diabetes
• Be aware alcohol can cause delayed hypoglycemia (up to 24 hours later)

Avoid alcohol if: You have neuropathy, high triglycerides, or poor blood sugar control. Always consult your doctor first.

Before Traveling:

• Consult your doctor 4-6 weeks before departure
• Get a medical letter detailing your condition and medications
• Ensure adequate insurance coverage
• Research medical facilities at your destination

Pack in Carry-on:

• 2x medication and supplies needed
• Blood glucose meter and extra batteries
• Fast-acting carbs for hypoglycemia
• Medical ID and prescriptions
• Snacks for delays

During Travel: Monitor blood sugar more frequently, stay hydrated, maintain meal schedule as much as possible, and adjust insulin for time zone changes with doctor's guidance.

Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications, but proper management significantly reduces these risks:

Cardiovascular: Heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure

Nerve Damage (Neuropathy): Numbness, pain, digestive issues

Kidney Disease (Nephropathy): Can progress to kidney failure

Eye Damage (Retinopathy): Vision loss, blindness

Foot Complications: Infections, ulcers, potential amputation

Skin Conditions: Infections, slow healing

Hearing Impairment: Increased risk of hearing problems

Alzheimer's Disease: Higher risk with Type 2 diabetes

Prevention: Regular screening, maintaining HbA1c <7%, blood pressure control, annual eye exams, and foot care.

HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin): A blood test that shows your average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months. It's the gold standard for assessing long-term diabetes control.

Target Levels:

• Normal (no diabetes): Below 5.7%
• Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
• Diabetes: 6.5% or higher (diagnosis)
• Good Control: Below 7% for most adults with diabetes
• Tight Control: Below 6.5% (if achievable without hypoglycemia)

Testing Frequency: Every 3 months if not meeting targets, every 6 months if stable and meeting goals.

Individual targets may vary based on age, health status, and risk of hypoglycemia - discuss with your doctor.